Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Key FAQs

Written by Stephen T. Hooper.

This guide is curated from official NHS and other professional resource protocols to ensure accuracy for our readers.

Introduction:

Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles. While relatively rare, it is the most common form of cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 35. Early detection is key to successful treatment, so it’s very important for men to be aware of the signs and symptoms and perform regular self-examinations.

In this article, we will provide you with all the information you need to know about testicular cancer, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and more.

Causes of Testicular Cancer:

The exact cause is still unknown; however, certain risk factors have been identified, including a family history of the disease, undescended testicles, abnormal testicle development, and HIV infection. Additionally, men who have already had testicular cancer are at an increased risk of developing the condition again.

Symptoms of Testicular Cancer:

The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a painless lump or swelling in one or both testicles. Other symptoms may include a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, a dull ache or pain in the lower abdomen or groin, and breast enlargement or tenderness.

It is important to note that not all cases will present with these symptoms, which is why it is important for men to perform regular self-examinations.

Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer:

If you discover a lump or swelling during self-examination or otherwise suspect you may have testicular cancer, it is essential to see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and order blood tests to check for tumour markers.

An ultrasound scan of the scrotum may also be done to confirm the presence of a tumour. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

Treatment Options for Testicular Cancer:

The treatment options for testicular cancer depend on the type and stage of the cancer. In most cases, surgery is required to remove the affected testicle. This procedure is known as a radical inguinal orchiectomy.

Additional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be recommended if the cancer has spread beyond the testicles.

Frequently Asked Questions About Testicular Cancer

1. Is testicular cancer curable?

Yes, it is one of the most treatable forms of cancer. When caught early and localised to the testicle, the five-year survival rate is over 99%. Even in cases where the cancer has spread, modern treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain highly effective.

2. Can testicular cancer be prevented?

There is no known way to prevent testicular cancer, as most risk factors (such as family history or undescended testicles) are congenital. However, regular self-examination is the best way to ensure early detection, which significantly improves the success of treatment.

3. Will I be able to have children after treatment?

Most men remain fertile after having one testicle removed. However, treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy can affect sperm count and quality. If you are concerned about future fertility, you should discuss “sperm banking” with your consultant before starting these additional treatments.

4. How often should I perform a testicular self-examination?

You should check yourself once a month. The best time is during or after a warm bath or shower, when the scrotal skin is relaxed. This makes it much easier to feel for any unusual lumps, swelling, or changes in firmness.

For a detailed breakdown of the technique, follow our Step-by-Step 2-Minute Self-Exam Guide.

5. What should I do if I find a lump on my testicle?

Do not delay; book an appointment with your GP immediately. While many lumps are harmless cysts or infections (like epididymitis), only a professional medical exam or ultrasound can rule out cancer. Early intervention is the critical factor in a positive outcome.

6. Can testicular cancer spread to other parts of the body?

Yes. If left untreated, the cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other areas, most commonly the lymph nodes in the abdomen, the lungs, or the liver. This is why addressing a lump immediately is so vital.

7. What can I expect during recovery after treatment?

Recovery depends on the treatment type. After an orchiectomy (removal of the testicle), most men return to normal activities within 2 to 4 weeks. If you undergo chemotherapy, you may face temporary side effects like fatigue and hair loss. Long-term, you will have regular follow-up scans and blood tests to ensure you remain cancer-free.

Related articles:

Beyond Testicular Health: Managing Prostate Risks as You Age

While testicular cancer typically affects younger men, prostate health becomes a priority as we age. See our Guide to Prostate Cancer Symptoms for more on what to look out for after 40.